ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
What I’ve Researched
S.R. Andersen - Legal & Ethical Decision Making
NONPROFIT HOSPITAL BOARD INVOLVEMENT IN THE STRATEGIC DECISION PROCESS:
EFFECTS ON HOSPITAL FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
This research first starts out with explaining who in an organization makes large strategy decisions, they concluded that it would be the board of directors. Then later in the research they go into two different board structures that affect the way they make decisions: the philanthropic model and the corporate model. They go on to explain that the formation and structure of a board greatly affects how the organization even makes ethical or legal decisions. This research specifically examined hospital boards. They then compared this to a industrial or for-profit board and how the purpose and motivations may be different which can then affect their decision making.
O.L. Bailey - Foundations and Management of the Nonprofit Sector
IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIC PLANNING IN CHURCH MINISTRY
This article teaches about the phases that go into planting a church. Some of the phases they mentioned are the birth of the organization, beginning, growth (this is when the church expands), maturity (where the church becomes established) and the decline or the death of the organization. These seem straightforward phases, but it is interesting to think about how each of these plays out. This research recommends that church planters have a strategic plan before going into their mission field.
J. Beebe - Cultural Competency and Diversity
BLACK WOMEN SUFFER FROM EATING DISORDERS, TOO: "THE ASSUMPTION THAT EATING
DISORDERS PRIMARILY AFFECT YOUNG, AFFLUENT WHITE WOMEN WAS BASED ON RESEARCH THAT WAS CONDUCTED ON YOUNG, AFFLUENT WHITE WOMEN."
This study exposes the audience to the cultural bias that can even occur when diagnosing people with an eating disorder. This study done by Jeanette Beebe revealed how we often view anorexia as a disease only white women obtain and that is just far from the truth. White women see the same toxic images in the media as any other race or gender, so why did we assume that this specific race and gender was more likely to develop poor body image? The study goes on to say that there is actually a huge lack of data out there on women of color with eating disorders, because people simply are not looking for it.
C. Brzozowski - Financial and Resource Management
PLANNER: ASK ABOUT DONATIONS DONORS TOLD TO QUESTION MINISTRIES ABOUT MONEY
This article talks more to the accountability missionaries and ministry organizations should have with their donors. Unfortunately, there are many unjust ministries that have corrupt practices and use their money unwisely. In organizations that are funded by other’s donations, there is a large responsibility to then spend that money wisely if you want the donations to continue. Depending on the person(s) you are donating to, there are ways to see where your money is really going.
J. Chandler
IT'S STRESSFUL OUT HERE- TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF!
This article shares how a culture of well-being within an organization is essential for the organization to be sustainable. Furthermore, if an organization truly wants their mission to be accomplished, they will value the well-being of their staff. One thing that was new from this article was the “we-care” mentality instead of “self-care”. This is a great idea as it promotes the teamwork and community aspects of working with others. Due to the work nonprofit professionals are involved in, there can typically be this feeling of “having to get it all done right now”. This often leads to people being overworked and never refreshed which eventually will create a low work quality and possibly even the employee leaving the organization. If a company has a high turnover rate, this will then affect the productivity on reaching the vision of the organization. This whole article refers to a book written by Beth Kanter and Aliza Sherman about well-being in nonprofits.
Home News Tribune - Personal and Professional Development
CHANCES TO LEARN: NONPROFIT MANAGEMENT CLASSES
This research talks about one day workshops that are supposed to help nonprofit organizations strengthen their infrastructure. They specifically work with organizations that focus on helping children and families, community and economic development and the environment. They offer classes on culture, mental health, youth service and even art! There is a variety of classes that are meant to develop people more in topics that they may not naturally be exposed to.
K. Dey - Communications, Marketing and Public Relations
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN ADVANCING TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE
From this study, the audience learned how the success of transformational change occurring must involve support from all key stakeholders. And to keep these stakeholders engaged, there must be effective communication. There must be a two-way conversation that is genuine and focused on listening. Social media has the potential to engage employees, but it must be clear and genuine. If these things are accomplished, there may be short-term change, but it will not be transformational or long lasting.
National Council of Nonprofits
CROWDFUNDING FOR NONPROFITS
I have seen this method used in my personal life in fundraising for organizations I am involved in and even for individuals who may have a great financial need. However, I have not heard of nonprofits using this, so this was interesting. It would seem that in order for this to be successful, as it is fully online, the organization would need to have an active online presence. There are two different kinds of crowdfunding, online and live. Both forms can attract new donors, however, there seem to be quite a few details to look into such as cost of the technology and the registration regulations. Some of the platforms that offer this technology cost money while others that are less advanced do not. This article outlines things to be cautious of while doing this and to not just flippantly jump into crowdfunding for an organization because there are lots of hoops to jump through.
S.P. Douglas, T.J. Ryan, G.A. Beller, E.F. Hines, D.W. Livingston, C.W. McEntee, N.A. Brown, K.J Collishaw, A. Garson, R.M Roberston, S.C. Smith, G.R. Whitman - Legal & Ethical Decision Making
TASK FORCE 6: CODE OF CONDUCT FOR STAFF AND VOLUNTEER LEADERSHIP
This research is specifically examining the trust of American society in cardiovascular medicine (very specific I know). However, the concepts they apply to this can apply to pretty much any body of leadership. They identify a code of conduct for volunteers and staff to analyze the moral obligations of leadership, the stewardship of the organization and the identification of potential or perceived conflicts of interest. These three categories are things to think through when adding a staff member or volunteer to an organization. There could be other areas for codes of conduct that are more specific but these were their overarching themes they thought through.
B Filson - Financial and Resource Management
THREE FACTORS OF FUND-RAISING MOTIVATION
This article taught readers about how the idea of motivation plays into fundraising for an organization. Motivation for the fund raiser and the funder are both a factor to be aware of. We often aren’t aware of or realize the importance of motivation. The article talks about how the goal of a financial manager in an organization is to produce results. Motivation is a huge part of this. The key is finding how to motivate your donors.
Baragona Garces - Legal & Ethical Decision Making
CHRISTIAN NONPROFIT CEOS: ETHICAL IDEALISM, RELATIVISM, AND
MOTIVATION
This research taught the audience about the typical ethical mistakes that occur in not only the nonprofit sector but also the private sector. These include corruption, financial statement manipulation and misappropriation of assets. It is interesting to think about how most nonprofits overall idea is to do good, but just because they have a positive mission doesn’t mean they will follow it or that things won’t get pushed under the rug. According to one source within the research specifically within the nonprofit sector the most common form of unethical behavior is conflict of interests, lying to employees, abusive behavior, and misreporting hours. Just like the private sector, unfortunately there are times when people of higher power (ex: CEOs, EDs, etc.) take advantage of the power they have and make unethical decisions.
Aaron Gregg - Personal & Professional Development
TOP WORKPLACES: WHAT MAKES A NONPROFIT A REWARDING PLACE TO WORK?
The research sheds light on how often nonprofits cannot motivate their staff with financial benefits, thus they must orient them around the organization’s mission. This takes time and intentional thought to train staff to be motivated by the impact they have on a certain community. This research also has found that many of the things that keep employees of nonprofits happy are not that much different than employees of a for profit company. One way they have found to do this is to offer multiple opportunities for professional growth, they even have developed personal growth plans for their employees. Another thing they found that makes the workplace enjoyable is actively fighting against office discord or a lack of harmony.
M. Hawkins - Program Development
FRESHMEN PEER MENTORING PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY OF STUDENT MENTORS IN A
HIGH SCHOOL MENTORING PROGRAM
This research hits on the value of mentors in a time of transitions. For this article specifically, how the transition from middle school to college can be one of uneasiness for students. Additionally, the transition periods from high school to college and college to post-grad can look very similar emotionally. This research found that an effective peer mentoring program would seek to build community as well as provide growth opportunities for the both the mentee and the mentor. Knowing this, it would be essential that there is community building activities built into the program development plan.
K. H. Long - Communications, Marketing and Public Relations
PUBLIC RELATIONS AND BRANDING IN HEALTH COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS: A CASE
STUDY OF A SUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGN
This study taught the audience about the new research being done combining the areas of marketing and public health. The research discussed how the marketing industry normally is used for commercial products, but society has yet to use effective marketing techniques for health topics. They used the Heart Truth campaign as a positive example of a health campaign that used effective social marketing and branding perspectives. A few things that made this campaign effective was its use of audience insights, communication research, strategic planning, motivational platforms, and evaluation.
J.E. McCullough - Foundations & Management of the Nonprofit Sector
AN EXAMINATION OF DISCIPLESHIP IN ARMY CHAPEL MINISTRIES
OVERSEAS
This article explains a unique portion that is included specifically in the structure of Christian ministries. Additionally, this sheds light on how the structure of a nonprofit could be different in a different country. This research is regarding how effective the chapel ministries are within the United States Army in fulfilling biblical principles such as the Great Commission (Matthew 28:18-20). This research brings in yet another facet of religious organizational structure and that is the code of ethics and guidance the bible provides. This code of ethics, in this case, the Bible, helps shape the organization’s mission and vision.
F. Mora - Volunteer & Human Resource Management
HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT OF ORGANIZATION FORMALIZATION IN EVANGELICAL CHURCH MODALITIES
The purpose of this research was to study the development of human resources in a church organization. They also looked at the formalization of each role within the church; what each role was responsible for and what guidelines they had. According to this research, most of the time, churches are functioning on a small scale and don’t have more than 20 employees, thus they function on an informal model. These organizations may not have formal processes for hiring or training. The goal of this researcher was to provide an objective for other churches to motivate them toward a more formalized development of manuals, policies, and job descriptions. They also went into other documents and policies that should be created such as an antiharassment policy and drug and alcohol abuse policy. Overall, it can be taken away that it is relatively normal for small nonprofits to not have a formal human resource department with written out policies. However, it is important to have these based on this research.
A. Rinaldi - Communications, Marketing and Public Relations
USF STUDY LINKS ADVERTISING TO BODY IMAGE
This reading confirmed a huge connection between media and how people view their bodies. This study specifically focused on college students and their large intake of media. This study showed photos of specifically women in the media as part of their testing. There was a gap in the research as it would have been nice if they would have evaluated with both photos of men and women from media as this is a problem that affects all people. The students were broken up into two different groups. One group was shown images of women being sexualized in the media and then the other group was shown images that did not sexualize women. The study found that the sexualized images influenced two thirds of the participants. This relates to the Communication, Marketing & Public Relations competency specifically because these images were taken from the media already out there.
E. Robinson - Financial and Resource Management
FROM "I" TO "WE": PURSUING MORE JUST FUNDING PRACTICES IN MISSION
This research goes through the typical funding model for most evangelical ministries for their staff. The research raises some questions of the support raising model and how it may not be the most effective for some people. While this method is effective for a lot of people, it may not be for all, thus the emphasis in pursuing a more just funding practice. I appreciated how the researchers identified some subconscious thoughts others may have if the minister does not raise the financial support they need. The research mentions how it is easy to believe that the minister has a lack of work ethic or a flaw in character when they don’t meet their goal. As someone who is about to head into this season of life, this is helpful information to keep in mind as I try to eradicate the lies I believe about my personal support-raising.
A. Rockinson-Szapkiw & J.L. Wendt - Program Development
THE BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF A BLENDED PEER
MENTORING PROGRAM FOR WOMEN PEER MENTORS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
This reading taught the audience that peer to peer mentoring roles have been shown to increase stronger self-efficacy and persistence. When students have a peer encouraging them, this can be great motivation to achieve new goals. This study also defined mentorship as simply one peer being more experienced in the area of interest than the other. When developing a peer-to-peer mentoring program, it would not be necessary to give the mentors extensive training on the specific topic, because they should just be a little bit ahead.
B.W. Rogers - Cultural Competency and Diversity
PASTORAL CARE OF URBAN YOUTH AND FAMILIES THROUGH CHRISTIAN LIFE
SKILLS
This study exposes readers to an organization that maybe was not doing a great job of diversifying their clientele and how they worked to improve that. The entire research began with the ministry Christian Life Skills wanting to expand their knowledge of how to reach African American families more effectively. They wanted to do this specifically for the pastoral care department of the ministry. It is respectable that this organization took the time to research this topic because it would be really easy to see a hole in your organization and just turn a blind eye.
L.K. Selby - Governance, Leadership & Advocacy
THE BOARD AND CEO: AN ANALYSIS OF ROLES, RELATIONSHIPS, AND PERFORMANCE
EXPECTATIONS IN CHRISTIAN SCHOOL GOVERNANCE
This research directly gives impact to how a board with the same religious views and values functions. One interesting thing that this research pointed out is that often the board members of a nonprofit don’t work for nonprofits themselves, therefore, they typically come from a corporate background and don’t quite understand a nonprofit’s motivation or effectiveness. It is difficult to measure performance of a board because their responsibilities are often traced back to less tangible factors. Some things the research found similar between for profit and nonprofit boards were the necessity of effective governance, support for the CEO, cost-effective operations and both are bound by the legal regulations of structure for their organizations. There is also a huge need for the board to be united. This seems self-explanatory but this research explained how a board truly the backbone of the organization is, so this unity is critical.
M.I. Shea - Foundations & Management of the Nonprofit Sector
THE FORMATION, PERFORMANCE, AND STRATEGIC DECISIONS OF NONPROFITS
This research goes into how nonprofit theory can be a misnomer, the pursuit of nonprofits and the leadership of nonprofits. Additionally, this research speaks to how nonprofits were originally created to organize how private money can be used for public good. This also talked about how the structure of nonprofits allows them to contribute to a variety of things in society include both social and economic welfare. However, within the actual organization there could be a lack of stability because their resources are relatively uncertain from year to year or for some organizations even day to day.
PR Newswire - Personal & Professional Development
STAR INDUSTRIAL SERVICES OPENS NON-PROFIT PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
This research talks about the Star Institute, a nonprofit professional development program that was created to promote workforce readiness. This program specifically is held in Birmingham, Alabama. This research reveals how Star wants to expand into creating opportunities for workforce development training, manufacturing academics and workforce shadowing. This development program is mainly for high school seniors to prepare them for the workforce.
R.S. Steven - Governance, Leadership & Advocacy
GOVERNMENT AND NONPROFITS IN THE MODERN AGE
This article talks about the changes that have occurred to include nonprofits in public government affairs. This research sheds light on President Bush’s initiative to give easier access to faith-based organization for government grants. According to the article, Bush did this because he saw how close nonprofits actually were to the governmental affairs. We do not have a history in America of support from the government for nonprofits and overall citizens tend to not have a great deal of trust in the American government overall. However, citizens do tend to trust nonprofits more and they can serve as source of citizen participation and community building. Despite the benefits nonprofits offer to communities, they can often be unstable because of the lack of reliable funds coming in. This then goes back to the conversation of how involved should nonprofits be in the government?
Cultural Competency and Diversity
THE BODY POSITIVE
This organization focuses on educating people on the harmful effects of a negative body self-image as well as positive and healthy techniques to combat that. They do this through education in schools as well as courses you can take individually. When looking through this organization’s values and even some of their frequently asked questions, it seems that embracing each person’s culture is important to them, but they do not have a specific section that focuses on their value of diversity, equity, and inclusion. However, they do write about how important it is for someone to embrace their culture, race, ethnicity, and gender and how these plays into their positive body image.
Y. Vang - Governance, Leadership & Advocacy
EXAMINING HOW POWER CONCEPTS MAY AFFECT THE LEADER'S ACTIONS AND THOUGHTS
FOR HMONG NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
This article is about the Hmong refugees in America and how they created mutual assistance associations to help refugees help their own people adjust and cope with life in America. This began a support system between this community. This research stated that among the Hmong people in these organizations they created, they often lacked any formal leadership like a CEO or board. The purpose of this research was to examine the Hmong people and compare them to our typical style of leadership in an organization. This research also taught me about how there may be a lack of checks and balances in nonprofits overall as they reported that 61% of CEOs in nonprofits do not get annual performance reviews from their boards. The researchers layed out a clear definition of the difference between the roles of the board and the CEO. The board is to provide governance in accordance with the bylaws and mission of the organization while the executive director or CEO is to implemental a strategic plan and manage daily operations.
Vu
TIME FOR OUR SECTOR TO DRAW A NEW FISH!
This article refers to the examples we have been following in the nonprofit sector. We just keep doing different variations of what has been done before, because that is all we know. However, we aren’t coming up with anything new. We complain about things going wrong, but how can we expect things to really change if we are using the same techniques? This writer specifically refers to the structure of boards in the nonprofit sector, grantmaking and leadership. They basically allude to the fact that we have these two different structures that often times do not make sense and are not productive or efficient. This leads us to believe, there must be a better way to do these things. Some of these things may simply just be ineffective but then others could be harming the clients! Overall, this article was an encouragement to actually make changes in the sector and be better.
V. Wilkins - Program Development
EFFECTIVE SCHOOL-BASED PEER MENTORING: THE PARTICIPANTS' PERSPECTIVE
This research interviewed both mentors and mentees to get their thoughts on what an effective peer-mentoring program would look like. The students shared that these programs should be transformative, include student leadership and voice, be developmentally appropriate and are purposeful and goal driven. Students want meaningful experiences that create purpose for their lives. They want to be challenged in their thinking and perspective of the world. Additionally, they want mentors to represent knowledge, reflection and insight. These would all be helpful things to consider in the program development phase of training mentors.